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1.
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What are the components of Physical database structure
of Oracle Database? |
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ORACLE database is comprised of three types of files.
One or more Data files, two are more Redo Log files, and
one or more Control files.
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2.
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What are the components of Logical database structure of
ORACLE database? |
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Tablespaces and the Database's Schema Objects.
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3.
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What is a Tablespace? |
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A database is divided into Logical Storage Unit called
tablespaces. A tablespace is used to grouped related
logical structures together.
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4.
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What is SYSTEM tablespace and When is it Created? |
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Every ORACLE database contains a tablespace named
SYSTEM, which is automatically created when the database
is created. The SYSTEM tablespace always contains the
data dictionary tables for the entire database.
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5.
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Explain the relationship among Database, Tablespace and
Data file. |
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Each databases logically divided into one or more
tablespaces One or more data files are explicitly
created for each tablespace.
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6.
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What is schema? |
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A schema is collection of database objects of a User.
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7.
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What are Schema Objects ? |
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Schema objects are the logical structures that directly
refer to the database's data. Schema objects include
tables,views,sequences,synonyms, indexes, clusters,
database triggers, procedures, functions packages and
database links.
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8.
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Can objects of the same Schema reside in different
tablespaces.? |
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Yes.
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9.
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Can a Tablespace hold objects from different Schemes ? |
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Yes.
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10. |
what is Table ? |
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A table is the basic unit of data storage in an ORACLE
database. The tables of a database hold all of the user
accessible data. Table data is stored in rows and
columns.
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11. |
What is a View ? |
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A view is a virtual table. Every view has a Query
attached to it. (The Query is a SELECT statement that
identifies the columns and rows of the table(s) the view
uses.)
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12. |
Do View contain Data ? |
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Views do not contain or store data.
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13. |
Can a View based on another View ? |
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Yes.
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14. |
What are the advantages of Views ? |
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•Provide an additional level of table security, by
restricting access to a predetermined set of rows and
columns of a table.
•Hide data complexity.
•Simplify commands for the user.
•Present the data in a different perpecetive from that
of the base table.
•Store complex queries. |
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15. |
What is a Sequence ? |
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A sequence generates a serial list of unique numbers for
numerical columns of a database's tables.
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16. |
What is a Synonym ? |
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A synonym is an alias for a table, view,sequence or
program unit.
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17. |
What are the type of Synonyms ? |
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There are two types of Synonyms Private and Public.
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18. |
What is a Private Synonyms ? |
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A Private Synonyms can be accessed only by the owner.
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19. |
What is a Public Synonyms ? |
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A Public synonyms can be accessed by any user on the
database.
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20. |
What are synonyms used for ? |
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Synonyms are used to : Mask the real name and owner of
an object.
Provide public access to an object
Provide location transparency for tables,views or
program units of a remote database.
Simplify the SQL statements for database users.
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21. |
What is an Index ? |
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An Index is an optional structure associated with a
table to have direct access to rows,which can be created
to increase the performance of data retrieval. Index can
be created on one or more columns of a table.
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22. |
How are Indexes Update ? |
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Indexes are automatically maintained and used by ORACLE.
Changes to table data are automatically incorporated
into all relevant indexes.
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23. |
What are Clusters ? |
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Clusters are groups of one or more tables physically
stores together to share common columns and are often
used together.
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24. |
What is cluster Key ? |
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The related columns of the tables in a cluster is called
the Cluster Key.
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25. |
What is Index Cluster ? |
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A Cluster with an index on the Cluster Key.
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26. |
What is Hash Cluster ? |
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A row is stored in a hash cluster based on the result of
applying a hash function to the row's cluster key value.
All rows with the same hash key value are stores
together on disk.
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27. |
When can Hash Cluster used ? |
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Hash clusters are better choice when a table is often
queried with equality queries. For such queries the
specified cluster key value is hashed. The resulting
hash key value points directly to the area on disk that
stores the specified rows.
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28. |
What is Database Link ? |
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A database link is a named object that describes a
"path" from one database to another.
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29. |
What are the types of Database Links? |
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Private Database Link, Public Database Link & Network
Database Link.
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30. |
What is Private Database Link? |
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Private database link is created on behalf of a specific
user. A private database link can be used only when the
owner of the link specifies a global object name in a
SQL statement or in the definition of the owner's views
or procedures.
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31. |
What is Public Database Link? |
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Public database link is created for the special user
group PUBLIC. A public database link can be used when
any user in the associated database specifies a global
object name in a SQL statement or object definition.
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32. |
What is Network Database link? |
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Network database link is created and managed by a
network domain service. A network database link can be
used when any user of any database in the network
specifies a global object name in a SQL statement or
object definition.
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33. |
What is Data Block? |
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ORACLE database's data is stored in data blocks. One
data block corresponds to a specific number of bytes of
physical database space on disk.
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34. |
How to define Data Block size? |
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A data block size is specified for each ORACLE database
when the database is created. A database users and
allocated free database space in ORACLE datablocks.
Block size is specified in INIT.ORA file and cann't be
changed latter.
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35. |
What is Row Chaining? |
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In Circumstances, all of the data for a row in a table
may not be able to fit in the same data block. When this
occurs, the data for the row is stored in a chain of
data block (one or more) reserved for that segment.
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36. |
What is an Extent? |
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An Extent is a specific number of contiguous data
blocks, obtained in a single allocation, used to store a
specific type of information.
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37. |
What is a Segment? |
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A segment is a set of extents allocated for a certain
logical structure.
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38. |
What are the different types of Segments? |
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Data Segment, Index Segment, Rollback Segment and
Temporary Segment.
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39. |
What is a Data Segment? |
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Each Non-clustered table has a data segment. All of the
table's data is stored in the extents of its data
segment. Each cluster has a data segment. The data of
every table in the cluster is stored in the cluster's
data segment.
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40. |
What is an Index Segment? |
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Each Index has an Index segment that stores all of its
data.
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41. |
What is Rollback Segment? |
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A Database contains one or more Rollback Segments to
temporarily store "undo" information.
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42. |
What are the uses of Rollback Segment? |
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Rollback Segments are used:
To generate read-consistent database information during
database recovery to rollback uncommitted transactions
for users.
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43. |
What is a Temporary Segment? |
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Temporary segments are created by ORACLE when a SQL
statement needs a temporary work area to complete
execution. When the statement finishes execution, the
temporary segment extents are released to the system for
future use.
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44. |
What is a Data File? |
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Every ORACLE database has one or more physical data
files. A database's data files contain all the database
data. The data of logical database structures such as
tables and indexes is physically stored in the data
files allocated for a database.
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45. |
What are the Characteristics of Data Files? |
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A data file can be associated with only one
database.Once created a data file can't change size.
One or more data files form a logical unit of database
storage called a tablespace.
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46. |
What is a Redo Log? |
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The set of Redo Log files for a database is collectively
known as the database's redo log.
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47. |
What is the function of Redo Log? |
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The Primary function of the redo log is to record all
changes made to data.
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48. |
What is the use of Redo Log Information? |
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The Information in a redo log file is used only to
recover the database from a system or media failure the
prevents database data from being written to a
database's data files.
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49. |
What does a Control file Contain? |
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A Control file records the physical structure of the
database. It contains the following information.
•Database Name
•Names and locations of a database's files and redolog
files.
•Time stamp of database creation.
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50. |
What is the use of Control File? |
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When an instance of an ORACLE database is started, its
control file is used to identify the database and redo
log files that must be opened for database operation to
proceed. It is also used in database recovery.
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51. |
What is a Data Dictionary? |
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The data dictionary of an ORACLE database is a set of
tables and views that are used as a read-only reference
about the database.
It stores information about both the logical and
physical structure of the database, the valid users of
an ORACLE database, integrity constraints defined for
tables in the database and space allocated for a schema
object and how much of it is being used.
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52. |
What is an Integrity Constrains? |
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An integrity constraint is a declarative way to define a
business rule for a column of a table.
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53. |
Can an Integrity Constraint be enforced on a table if
some existing table data does not satisfy the
constraint? |
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No.
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54. |
Describe the different type of Integrity Constraints
supported by ORACLE? |
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•NOT NULL Constraint - Disallows NULLs in a table's
column.
•UNIQUE Constraint - Disallows duplicate values in a
column or set of columns.
•PRIMARY KEY Constraint - Disallows duplicate values and
NULLs in a column or set of columns.
•FOREIGN KEY Constrain - Require each value in a column
or set of columns match a value in a related table's
UNIQUE or PRIMARY KEY.
•CHECK Constraint - Disallows values that do not satisfy
the logical expression of the constraint.
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55. |
What is difference between UNIQUE constraint and PRIMARY
KEY constraint? |
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A column defined as UNIQUE can contain NULLs while a
column defined as PRIMARY KEY can't contain Nulls.
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56. |
Describe Referential Integrity? |
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A rule defined on a column (or set of columns) in one
table that allows the insert or update of a row only if
the value for the column or set of columns (the
dependent value) matches a value in a column of a
related table (the referenced value). It also specifies
the type of data manipulation allowed on referenced data
and the action to be performed on dependent data as a
result of any action on referenced data.
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57. |
What are the Referential actions supported by FOREIGN
KEY integrity constraint? |
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UPDATE and DELETE Restrict - A referential integrity
rule that disallows the update or deletion of referenced
data.
DELETE Cascade - When a referenced row is deleted all
associated dependent rows are deleted.
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58. |
What is self-referential integrity constraint? |
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If a foreign key reference a parent key of the same
table is called self-referential integrity constraint.
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59. |
What are the Limitations of a CHECK Constraint? |
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The condition must be a Boolean expression evaluated
using the values in the row being inserted or updated
and can't contain subqueries, sequence, the
SYSDATE,UID,USER or USERENV SQL functions, or the
pseudocolumns LEVEL or ROWNUM.
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60. |
What is the maximum number of CHECK constraints that can
be defined on a column? |
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No Limit. |
